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1.
绝对意义上讲，软件是不可比较的，因为不可通约。
软件x有功能x1, x2, x3 ……
软件y有功能y1, y2, y3……
某些功能相似，就算可以比较吧，比如 x1>y1，x2
对于功能的有无，一方面难于界定是软件定位差异，还是有待改进；另一方面，功能有差异在某种程度上就是“不同的软件”，更不宜比较。</Y2，可是小多少难以量化。并且这些方面互有优劣，更难给出权重。>

2.
但主观上，多数软件还是可以比较的，至少可以分组。
比如，绝大多数人公认Vim/Emacs是超强大的编辑器，UE/Editplus/EmEditor是三个经典，NotePad++是后起之秀……而某些没太见过的软件，能胜过它们的概率非常之小。
再如，Total Commander是极致的软件，xxx是垃圾软件，yyy是经常崩溃……
这些宏观认识对软件选择极有益。
它会让人节省时间，让你把精力放在南帝北丐中神通上，而不是浪费时间去向诸多游走江湖的打遍XX无敌手的“学习”。

3.
前面都是以前的感慨。
今天写此文的触发点是：差不多一票否决了Foxit Reader。
以前2个相关事件是：迅雷真不错，QQ功能真多。
具体情况是这样的：

3.1
二级单位提交了一份手签扫描的pdf，双击用Foxit Reader打开，发现没有签名，只有日期。
在拿起电话拨号之前，及时换用 PDF-XChange Viewer，发现其实有签名。
也就是说，Foxit Reader 渲染有问题，升级，依旧。
我当时的决定：以后主用 PDF-XChange Viewer 了。

草率？是的。
因为我是pdf的浅层用户，偶尔才用，也不用太高级功能，所以，这种情况下出现问题，用户会“一票否决”，而不会去研究“如何解决”。
类似的问题如果发生在vim或Total Commander上，我肯定不会放弃。就算找不到彻底解决方案，也会有临时方案（比如，xx情况下yy）

3.2
善用佳软如果象发现新大陆一样说迅雷真不错，很多读者会什么反应？
因为我极少下载，所以，对此类软件用得极少（用过的种类只有NetAnts，FDM，用的频率极低）。所以，有一次在别人机器上临时下载Deepin XP ISO时，发现迅雷竟然找到很多源同时下载，真方便！
我看到它的界面有广告，听说过上传/抢用其他源的问题——但浅层用户并不在意这些。

4.结论
随感而已，无甚结论。
对用户而言，可供参考的是：要明白自己在不同方面的需求，是要最复杂最强大的软件，还是简单即可。比如，我的Firefox/AutoHotkey /Total Commander/Vim是极致DIY的代表。而下载工具、播放器则是随便选一个容易使用的（抛除感情因素之外）。并且，一个软件在不同方面也是有区别的，比如TC也有很多功能我从来不用，也不细究其技巧。
对开发者而言，则要明确主攻对象是哪些。是给大众用，还是给小众用。大众会一见钟情，也会一票否决；小众则求细节的无限深入，还会加入很多感情的因素。

http://xbeta.info/software-choice.htm

“You’ve got to find what you love. And that is as true for your work as it is for your lovers … If you haven’t found it yet, keep looking. Don’t settle. As with all matters of the heart, you’ll know when you find it.” - Steve Jobs in a Standford commencement speech

One of the keys to happiness — as well as productivity and effectiveness at work — is finding work you love, that you’re passionate about. Work you want to do, instead of just have to do.

If you really want to do it, it barely seems like work at all.

I’ve finally found that work, in blogging here at Zen Habits and with writing in general. I don’t drag my feet to go to work anymore — now I can’t wait to get up early and start working.

And I’m just one of many who’ve done that — there are people all over the world pursuing their dreams, working with passion, losing themselves in their work. Are you one of them? Do you want to be?

The difficult thing for many people is finding what that work is in the first place. They don’t know where to start, and it seems a hopeless cause.

It’s not. You can find that work, but it’ll take some effort. Here’s what you need to know about finding the work you love:

1. It won’t find you — you have to seek it. Doing the same ol’ thing everyday isn’t the way to find the work you love. Sometimes, you get extremely lucky and it just lands in your lap. Most people, however, aren’t that lucky — you’ve got to take action, and you’ve got to seek it.
2. You can’t stop looking until you find it. As Steve Jobs said, never settle. If you find something that’s just a bit better than your current job, that’s better … but don’t stop there. Keep looking. Don’t give up the search.
   
3. You’ll have to look in lots of funny places. Really explore. Try new hobbies. Talk to new people. Read articles on different blogs, in different magazines and books. Inspiration might come from someplace you never imagined.
   
4. You might not love it completely until you get good at it. Most likely you’ll know that you love something once you find it … but at that point, you’ve got to work at getting better at it, with all your might. Once you get good, it’ll be something you can’t stop doing, because you’ll get a thrill at doing something great.
   
5. Once you find it, you have to pour yourself into it. If you find the work you love, you’ve been given a gift. Don’t spoil it — truly pour yourself into that work. That doesn’t mean you should ignore the other loves in your life, including family and friends, but when you’re working, you should devote yourself completely to that work.

Here’s how to go about seeking your passion:

1. Break out of your routine, and dare to ask. You’ve got to stop what you’re doing (maybe not at this moment, but today, or tomorrow, not next week) and be bold enough to ask yourself if you love what you’re doing. And if you don’t, then what is it you really love? And if you don’t know, then are you going to look for it?
   
2. Spend time thinking about it. It’s good to take an hour or two to really think about the question. It’s worth the investment. Really think about what you love, about your life, about what you want to be doing.
   
3. Think of what you already love. Do you have hobbies you’re passionate about? What do you like reading about? What do you talk about with others? Is there something you always wanted to do but forgot about, or were too afraid to pursue?
4. What are your dreams? Is there something you’ve always wanted to accomplish in life? Almost everybody has some dream like that, sometime in their lives, but often they don’t thing it’s realistic. Give it more thought now.
5. What are you good at? What are your strengths? Do you have any talents? Is there something you’ve always excelled at? Pursue these things.
6. Take action. If you don’t actually do anything, you’ll never find it. Start doing research, start making calls, make appointments, take career assessment tests. Take action, now.
7. Explore new things. Try out new hobbies that sound interesting. Read about new things. Find new ways to explore — break out of your patterns.
8. Once you find something interesting, pursue it. Read about it. Learn, and try it, and do it, and get better at it. Don’t be afraid to pursue it — fear is what stops most people from finding this happiness.
9. Then take action – again. Now that you’ve learned about it, give it a try! You might be able to pursue it within your current job, or do it as a side job or just as a hobby at first. Write to people who are doing it to find out how they got started. Check out a few books on the library and do some research online to find out about the first steps you need to take — and then take them! Pursue your dreams!

“Getting up in the morning and having work you love is what makes life different for people. And if you get into a position where you really don’t love what you’re doing, get off it. It’s easy to be on someone else’s track or something that sounds like a safety play.” -Bob Woodward

—
If you liked this article, please share it on del.icio.us, StumbleUpon or Digg. I’d appreciate it.

The Five Things You Need to Know About Finding the Work You Love

“You’ve got to find what you love. And that is as true for your work as it is for your lovers … If you haven’t found it yet, keep looking. Don’t settle. As with all matters of the heart, you’ll know when you find it.” - Steve Jobs in a Standford commencement speech

One of the keys to happiness — as well as productivity and effectiveness at work — is finding work you love, that you’re passionate about. Work you want to do, instead of just have to do.

If you really want to do it, it barely seems like work at all.

I’ve finally found that work, in blogging here at Zen Habits and with writing in general. I don’t drag my feet to go to work anymore — now I can’t wait to get up early and start working.

And I’m just one of many who’ve done that — there are people all over the world pursuing their dreams, working with passion, losing themselves in their work. Are you one of them? Do you want to be?

The difficult thing for many people is finding what that work is in the first place. They don’t know where to start, and it seems a hopeless cause.

It’s not. You can find that work, but it’ll take some effort. Here’s what you need to know about finding the work you love:

1. It won’t find you — you have to seek it. Doing the same ol’ thing everyday isn’t the way to find the work you love. Sometimes, you get extremely lucky and it just lands in your lap. Most people, however, aren’t that lucky — you’ve got to take action, and you’ve got to seek it.
2. You can’t stop looking until you find it. As Steve Jobs said, never settle. If you find something that’s just a bit better than your current job, that’s better … but don’t stop there. Keep looking. Don’t give up the search.
   
3. You’ll have to look in lots of funny places. Really explore. Try new hobbies. Talk to new people. Read articles on different blogs, in different magazines and books. Inspiration might come from someplace you never imagined.
   
4. You might not love it completely until you get good at it. Most likely you’ll know that you love something once you find it … but at that point, you’ve got to work at getting better at it, with all your might. Once you get good, it’ll be something you can’t stop doing, because you’ll get a thrill at doing something great.
   
5. Once you find it, you have to pour yourself into it. If you find the work you love, you’ve been given a gift. Don’t spoil it — truly pour yourself into that work. That doesn’t mean you should ignore the other loves in your life, including family and friends, but when you’re working, you should devote yourself completely to that work.

Here’s how to go about seeking your passion:

1. Break out of your routine, and dare to ask. You’ve got to stop what you’re doing (maybe not at this moment, but today, or tomorrow, not next week) and be bold enough to ask yourself if you love what you’re doing. And if you don’t, then what is it you really love? And if you don’t know, then are you going to look for it?
   
2. Spend time thinking about it. It’s good to take an hour or two to really think about the question. It’s worth the investment. Really think about what you love, about your life, about what you want to be doing.
   
3. Think of what you already love. Do you have hobbies you’re passionate about? What do you like reading about? What do you talk about with others? Is there something you always wanted to do but forgot about, or were too afraid to pursue?
4. What are your dreams? Is there something you’ve always wanted to accomplish in life? Almost everybody has some dream like that, sometime in their lives, but often they don’t thing it’s realistic. Give it more thought now.
5. What are you good at? What are your strengths? Do you have any talents? Is there something you’ve always excelled at? Pursue these things.
6. Take action. If you don’t actually do anything, you’ll never find it. Start doing research, start making calls, make appointments, take career assessment tests. Take action, now.
7. Explore new things. Try out new hobbies that sound interesting. Read about new things. Find new ways to explore — break out of your patterns.
8. Once you find something interesting, pursue it. Read about it. Learn, and try it, and do it, and get better at it. Don’t be afraid to pursue it — fear is what stops most people from finding this happiness.
9. Then take action – again. Now that you’ve learned about it, give it a try! You might be able to pursue it within your current job, or do it as a side job or just as a hobby at first. Write to people who are doing it to find out how they got started. Check out a few books on the library and do some research online to find out about the first steps you need to take — and then take them! Pursue your dreams!

“Getting up in the morning and having work you love is what makes life different for people. And if you get into a position where you really don’t love what you’re doing, get off it. It’s easy to be on someone else’s track or something that sounds like a safety play.” -Bob Woodward

http://zenhabits.net/2008/08/finding-the-work-you-love/

Being an introvert is a bad thing, right? Well, a lot of people seem to think so, judging by the number of articles I’ve read about how to “cure” introversion. In response to these articles, I wrote The Introverts Strike Back, in which I argued that (1) introverts can’t become extraverts, and (2) they shouldn’t particularly want to.

First, let’s get clear on what we’re talking about. I’m going by the definitions used by the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. According to the MBTI, introverts get their energy from the internal world of ideas and images, and they feel drained if they spend too much time with people. On the other hand, extraverts (and yes, that IS the correct spelling as used in the MBTI) get their energy from the external world of people and things, and they go crazy if they spend too much time alone. It really has nothing to do with social skills, as evidenced by introverts like Jerry Seinfeld.

Whether you prefer the internal world or the external world, that preference is fixed. You can force yourself to act outside of your element, but an introvert can’t become an extravert and vice versa. Let’s face it, if hosting The Tonight Show for 30 years didn’t turn Johnny Carson into an extravert, I doubt tips like “say hi to more people” will do the trick.

However, introversion certainly has its advantages. For example, introverts make up a slight majority of the upper levels of government, the military, and the corporate world, despite being only 30% of the population. The social outcast doesn’t represent all introverts, any more than the dumb jock represents all extraverts.

But I’m not here to debate whether it’s better to be an introvert or an extravert. The fact is, we all have to interact with both types every day. Regardless of which type you are, you can greatly improve your relationships by learning to get along better with people of the other type. Here are some tips for getting started.

For Introverts:

1. Indicate to others when you’re busy.

When an extravert sees you reading, writing, or maybe just thinking, they might assume that the only reason you’d do this is because you don’t have someone to talk to. So they think they’re doing you a favor by striking up a conversation, when they’re actually interrupting.

To prevent this, be sure to give an indication that you’re in the middle of something and aren’t looking for socialization right now. This can be a visual sign (e.g., closing your door) or verbal (e.g., “I’m sorry John, but I’m racing to get this done. Can I get back to you later?”).

I know one person who tended to get a lot of visitors at work, and while he was actually an extravert, the frequent visits were slowing him down too much. He put a sign on his door saying “If I don’t make eye contact or respond to you, I apologize. I’m not trying to be rude, I just have a lot of work to do. Thank you for understanding.” While I don’t think many people need to go that far, it certainly worked!

2. Try to verbalize your thoughts more.

Introverts tend to keep most of their thinking to themselves while they’re working out ideas, and not speak much until they’re sure of what they want to say. The problem with this is that other people can’t see you thinking. If someone comes to you for your opinion on something, and they don’t hear you talking, they might assume you don’t care.

To show that you are in fact considering what they said, try doing some of your thinking out loud. It’s OK if you verbalize rough drafts of thoughts that you end up changing. If all else fails, just say you need time to think about it (e.g., “Lisa, this is very interesting, but I’m not sure what to suggest just yet. Let me give it some more thought, and I’ll get back to you.”).

3. Realize that extraverts often need to talk.

Because extraverts are more in touch with the external world, for them talking is sometimes as necessary as breathing. They might think out loud by bouncing their thoughts off other people, and they might need to chat in order to boost their energy.

For an introvert, this can be the most difficult part of dealing with an extravert. The same conversation that energizes the extravert also drains the introvert. But keeping in mind that the extravert is not being intentionally malicious, the introvert has at least two options for handling this in a polite way. They can patiently participate in the conversation, and then when it’s over they can be alone to recharge. Or they can cut off the conversation early by mentioning something else they need to be doing, or even by saying “I’d like to help, but I’m not sure that I’m the right person for you to be talking to.”

Of course, sometimes a conversation can be very enjoyable for an introvert, in which case this isn’t a problem.

4. Don’t forget to socialize.

As great as your internal world is, don’t forget that the external world is also good in moderation. Be sure to set aside some time to spend with other people, and take advantage of social opportunities that present themselves to you. And when you’re around other people, make yourself fun to be with!

For Extraverts:

1. Ask if someone is busy before spending time with them.

If someone appears to be lonely, they might not be. Even if they’re just sitting there and don’t seem to be doing anything, they could be deep in thought and not at a point where they want to be interrupted.

If you need something, try to ask for it up front (e.g., “Mary, do you have a few minutes to talk about a problem I’m having?”). Otherwise, look for clues that they might not feel like talking right now, such as lack of eye contact.

If they seem uninterested, don’t take it personally. You just don’t know what you’re interrupting.

2. If someone doesn’t speak up, ask them what they think.

Sometimes when you’re talking to someone, they’ll be so engrossed in thinking about what you said that they forget to tell you what they’re thinking. If you’re waiting for someone’s feedback and they’re not giving it to you, try asking them what they think.

3. Realize the draining effect a conversation can have on someone.

No matter how fabulous a person you are, keep in mind that introverts simply prefer their internal world to the external world. They might start off with a fully charged battery, but while they’re engaged in conversation, that battery is steadily draining. How long it lasts depends on various factors, but be sure to keep an eye out for when they’re starting to lose interest. Be more to the point with introverts, and save most of your chatting for extraverts who will appreciate it more.

4. Remember that introverts need their alone time.

Perhaps the hardest thing for extraverts to understand about introverts is that someone could actually want to be alone. Not because they don’t like to have fun, or because they hate people, but just because they prefer their internal world, and they need to return to it to be energized. If someone doesn’t want to hang out with you, don’t try to push them, because they just need their “me” time. Of course, there’s always the possibility that they just don’t like you!

The world has lots of introverts and lots of extraverts. Instead of debating which is better or asking how we can change people, let’s try to be more accepting of others. With a little effort, we can all get along just fine.

中国互联网将成为世界投资的中心

这位已经投资了800多家中小互联网公司，并获取了高额回报的传奇投资人对记者表示：“10年前软银的投资重心在美国，5年前投资重心在日本，而现在投资重心在中国。”孙正义特别用英语着重强调了NOW（现在）一词。

不过孙正义也承认，从全世界来说，整个大的经济环境确实在下滑，中国经济、特别是其中的中小企业都会受到影响,但是由于中国前几年经济增长速度非常快，因此即便受到一定影响，相对其他国家来说仍会保持较快速度的增长。孙正义也对这次峰会主办方阿里巴巴董事长马云的“过冬论”表示认可，全世界尤其是中国目前在生产制造和贸易领域确实遇到一些问题。

然而孙正义却对在严寒之下的中国互联网行业表示出了罕有的热情。孙正义预测：“5年前美国市场互联网占全世界的50%，但是从现在开始，在今后的几年当中，以中国为重心的亚洲互联网用户将会达到互联网的50%。”

孙正义表示，这种信心来自于过去5年中，软银对中国互联网市场的投资都相继实现了回报，和预测的基本一致。因此软银非常看好中国互联网行业。孙正义在过去几年中分别投资了盛大、阿里巴巴、完美时空等一系列的互联网企业，并在资本市场上获得惊人的回报。

现在是投资中国的最好时机

孙正义甚至表示：“如果现在不能在中国互联网行业做到最大的话，那么就成不了世界最大的公司。这和几年前投资人争相进入美国互联网市场是一个道理。中国已经改变了世界互联网的局面。”其言下之意就是无论中国互联网行业是否经历“寒冬”，软银都将勇于进入。因为如果错过机会就失去了未来的战略制高点。

在记者采访中发现，这并非资本雄厚、投资经验老到的孙正义对中国互联网市场的溢美之言。来自IDG负责风险投资的全球高级副总裁熊晓鸽持同样的观点， “此时正是投资中国的最佳时机”。熊晓鸽表示，目前整个经济状态让中小企业，包括互联网企业都非常焦虑，而作为一个投资人往往能在关键的时刻看出一些企业的潜力。同时，在关键时刻很少的资金就可以盘活中小企业，让风险投资人在未来获得高额回报。“冬天来了，投资却异常很兴奋。” 熊晓鸽宣称。 www.6park.com

中国互联网在严冬之下，亦扮演着“缝制棉袄”的角色。譬如电子商务可以有效降低企业的营销成本，提高企业竞争力，成为中国中小企业过冬的一种手段。难怪孙正义在投资了马云的阿里巴巴之后，对中国互联网更加青睐有加。

http://www.6park.com/news/messages/90189.html

The way you think has the ability to turn your deepest desires into reality or, alternatively, keep you chained to mediocrity. This article looks at eight patterns of limited thinking – as identified by Dr. S McKay, Davis, and Fanning in their book, Thoughts and Feelings: Taking Control of Your Moods and Life – and how they can be resolved. Breaking these patterns of limited, habitual thought will free you to realize your full potential in life.

1. Overgeneralization

This pattern is characterized by broad, general conclusions based on a single incident or piece of evidence. Overgeneralization often takes the form of absolute statements and uses words such as all, every, none, never, always, everybody and nobody. For example, if you read too many personal development articles you may believe all television is a waste of time.

You can stop thinking in absolutes by using words such as may, sometimes, most and often. Saying some, or even most, television is a waste of time is far easier to take seriously than simply saying all of it is.

2. Polarized Thinking

This is black-and-white thinking, with no room for shades of gray. People and things become either good or bad, smart or stupid, brave or cowardly. President Bush’s declaration in the aftermath of 9/11, “You’re either with us, or against us” is a famous example of such thinking. And we all know know what has happened since….

Fight the urge to make black-and-white judgements by accepting people and things are too complex to be reduced to “either/ or” judgements. This is especially important in regards to judging yourself. Allow yourself some room to make mistakes without automatically labeling yourself a failure.

3. Filtering

Filtering can be thought of as a type of tunnel vision – focusing on one element of a situation to the exclusion of everything else. For example, you may write an article that hits the front page of Digg. But rather than focusing on this success, your thoughts are distracted by a handful of negative comments.

To break this pattern, make a conscious effort to shift your focus to the opposite mental theme. In this case, focus on the positive feedback and enjoy the moment as it is not every day your blog hits the front page of Digg (unless you are Arianna Huffington).

4. Mind Reading

This pattern occurs when you make snap judgements about others. You may, for example, assume a girl who is not paying attention to you is thinking, “He is not up to my standards”. This may be based on intuition, past experiences or a process called projection, whereby you imagine people feel the same way you do and react to things the same way you do. And while your assumptions may be true, often they will turn out to be completely wrong. Perhaps she is very interested in you but is simply shy?

One way to tackle this pattern is to treat assumptions about people as hypotheses to be tested and checked. Gather evidence before making inferences about people. And if you do decide to follow your intuition, be aware your assumptions may reflect yourself rather than the reality of someone else.

5. Catastrophizing

Catastrophizing occurs when your imagination focuses on the potential for tragedy and disaster. Just as Chicken Little worried the sky was falling after an apple fell on her head, you may fear swimming in the ocean after reading a news report of a shark attack on the other side of the world. Catastrophic thoughts often start with the words “What if?” What if I injure myself playing sport? What if this plane crashes? What if I lose my job? Such catastrophizing creates anxiety and can result in you missing out on some of life’s greatest pleasures.

The most effective way to deal with this pattern is to evaluate a situation in terms of odds or percent of probability. Are the chances of disaster one in 1,000,000 (0.00001 per cent)? Or, are they closer one in a thousand (0.1 per cent)? When it comes to sharks, there were 71 unprovoked attacks worldwide in 2007. Perhaps you should be more concerned about the car ride to the beach than swimming in the ocean….

6. Magnifying

This involves emphasizing things out of proportion to their actual importance. Minor suggestions become scathing criticism. Small mistakes become tragic events. Slight obstacles become overwhelming barriers.

To overcome this pattern, pay attention to the language you use. Stop using words such as disgusting, awful and terrible. Also, toss out phrases such as “It’s unbearable”. Guess what? It is bearable. History has shown time and time again that human beings can cope with almost any psychological blow and can endure incredible physical pain.

7. Personalization

Personalization can take two forms. First, you can directly compare yourself to other people, eg “He writes far more eloquently than I do”. Such comparisons may actually be favorable to you, eg “I am better looking”. Either way, there is an underlying assumption here that your worth is questionable. Consequently, you seek out ways to test your value and measure yourself against others. Personalization can also take the form of relating everything back to yourself. If you’re partner tells you she is bored or depressed, you may automatically think you are the cause of this feeling.

This pattern of limited thinking can be broken by recognizing most comparisons are meaningless. Each of us has our strong and weak points. Matching your strong points to other people’s weak points usually has little purpose except to feed your ego.

8. Shoulds

In this final pattern, you live according to a set of inflexible rules about how you and other people should act. You have a fixed view of what is right, and those who deviate from your particular values or standards are bad. And you are just as hard on yourself. Some common and unreasonable “shoulds” include:

• “I should never be tired or get sick”
• “I should always be totally self-reliant”
• “I should never make mistakes”
• “I should always be happy”

To overcome this pattern, try to have greater flexibility in the rules or expectations you feel compelled to live by. And when it comes to other people, it is important to accept their individuality and uniqueness. You should accept that other people won’t necessarily live according to your values. After all, your personal values are just that – personal.

http://www.pickthebrain.com/blog/limited-thinking/

说实话，这种话不像科学论文的命题，更像革命口号。但是，阿玛蒂亚·森教授雄辩地赋予了它科学的内涵，令人信服地说明了，民主制度确实优于人类历史 上的其他政治制度。他对抗拒民主的几种主要借口，进行了有力的驳斥，指出它们的荒谬之处。最终得出结论：民主是普遍适用的，不存在地域性，可以拿来即用。

全文娓娓道来，一气呵成，语气温和却又不乏坚定，读来令人备受启迪，不亏为大师手笔。三年前，我第一次读到这篇文章，顿时感到醍醐灌顶，许多困扰已 久的问题都得到了解答，从此坚定地相信，中国的出路只有一条，那就是民主化，只有这条路才能解决中国复杂的社会危机和社会矛盾，其他路都是死路。

现在，我把这篇文章的笔记整理出来，希望更多的朋友能够看清这一点。笔记采用点评的形式，一共分为10段，每一段的开头都是一个常见的观点，然后是对这个观点的评论，其中不完全是教授的原话，有不少是我个人的理解。

这个blog上，经常有人批评我的政治观点。下面的内容，也是我对这些批评的一个总的答复。

=====================

1. 民主制度不适合发展中国家的国情，盲目照搬西方的政治制度，只会使国家一盘散沙、全面内乱。

[评论]

上面的说法完全不符合事实，现实中，民主制度在穷国也能很好地运作。

以印度为例。1947年，印度独立的时候，英国人非常怀疑印度人管理国家的能力。当时的印度非常贫穷，而且非常混乱，新政府缺乏经验，国家处于分裂 状态，政治前景不明朗，种族暴力和社会动乱普遍存在。加之，印度是一个多语言、多民族、多宗教的国家，社会阶层众多，历史上又存在种姓制度，不同民族和不 同宗教之间经常发生暴力冲突，所以就连印度人自己对国家的前途都没有信心。

但是，印度政府坚持走民主道路，以和平手段解决困难问题，政治分歧主要通过法律来解决，按照选举和国会规则来组织政府。结果，印度这个贫穷动荡的大国，作为一个民主的政治单位而生存下来，并运作得相当好。如果不是民主制度，这个国家是无法结为一体的。

因此，如果民主制度在1947年的印度行得通，它也一定能在其他任何国家行得通。

形成鲜明对照的是，在二战后同一时期成立的南斯拉夫，也是一个多民族多宗教的国家，但是它没有选择民主道路，而是按照苏联的专制模式，成为了一个专 制主义国家。结果在上个世纪90年代，南斯拉夫爆发了长达三年的内战，塞族、克族和穆斯林三股人马互相残杀，如今已经分裂为了6个国家。（苏联的解体也是 一个同样的例子。）

2. 专制主义制度比民主制度更有利于集中精力办大事，更有利于经济的发展。

[评论]

这种观点最着名的支持者就是李光耀。类似的说法还有：民主制度并不是一国取得高速经济增长的先决条件。要取得长期经济繁荣，国家就必须保持稳定，政府也必须能有效地推动有利于经济增长的政策。它的核心含义就是，专制制度比民主制度更有利于经济高速发展。

确实，南朝鲜、新加坡和中国等威权国家的经济发展速度，高于印度、牙买加、哥斯达黎加等非威权的国家。但是，这只是一些零星证据和有限样本，不是普 遍性的统计研究。我们不能把新加坡或中国的高速经济增长，作为威权国家更能促进经济发展的“确凿证据”。同样，我们也不能根据非洲的民主绿洲博茨瓦纳，在 数十年内其经济增长率居非洲第一、在全世界也名列前茅，而得出“民主有利于经济发展”的相反结论。我们需要进行更多的系统性经验研究，才能得出结论。

事实上，没有可信的普遍性证据可以证明，威权统治和压迫政治权利与公民权利确实有助于经济发展。相反的，大量的统计资料不支持政治权利与经济发展相 冲突的观点。有一些统计学研究提出，两者存在一种微弱的负向相关关系，另外一些研究却提出存在强烈的正向相关关系。综合考虑所有的比较研究之后可以看出， 经济增长与民主之间很可能不存在任何方向的明确关系。虽然民主与政治自由本身极为重要，但它们与经济增长的关系问题并没有获得解决。

导致东亚国家经济成功的经济政策，学术界已有广泛的共识，这些政策包括开放竞争，利用国际市场，鼓励投资和出口的公共政策，高水平的文化教育，成功的土地 改革，以及扩大参与经济发展过程的其他社会机会等等。没有理由假设，这些政策与民主相冲突，因而必须用南韩、新加坡和中国的威权主义手段来强力压制民主。 相反，压倒性的证据证明，快速发展经济需要一种友好的经济环境，而不是一种严厉的政治制度。

3. 为什么社会主义国家比资本主义国家更加多灾多难？

[评论]

最典型的例子就是饥荒。在人类历史上，凡是具有新闻自由、且政治相对独立的任何民主国家，从未发生过真正的饥荒。对于这个规律，我们无论在任何地方都找不出例外。

相反的，大饥荒都发生在非民主国家：无论是在最近发生饥荒的埃塞俄比亚、索马里等独裁国家，还是三十年代发生饥荒的苏联，或者一九五八至一九六一年大跃进失败后发生大饥荒的中国，或者在外国人统治时期发生饥荒的爱尔兰和印度。

尽管在许多方面中国的经济发展比印度好得多，但中国仍然发生过饥荒，而且确实是全世界有史以来最严重的饥荒。中国一九五八至一九六一年的饥荒饿死近 三千万人，而在整整三年内，中国政府的错误政策一直得不到纠正，其原因就在于中国没有议会中的反对党，没有新闻出版自由，没有多党制选举。由于没有人敢批 评中国政府，即使每年饿死数百万人，其错误政策依然能够持续下去。现在北韩和苏丹的饥荒也属于类似情况。

饥荒似乎往往与自然灾害有关系。评论家经常简单地用自然灾害来解释发生饥荒的原因，如中国在大跃进期间发生水灾，埃塞俄比亚发生乾旱，或者北韩因天 灾而农作物歉收。然而，其他许多民主国家也发生过类似的甚至更严重的自然灾害，但由于政府采取负责的干预措施，减轻了民众的饥饿，妥善地解决了饥荒问题。 由于饥荒的主要受害者是穷人，政府可以通过雇佣计划等政策来提高穷人的收入，使饥荒受害者得到食物，从而防止民众的死亡。甚至在一些发生严重旱灾、水灾等 天灾的最贫穷民主国家，如一九七三年的印度，八十年代初期的津巴布韦或博茨瓦纳，民众也能够吃饱肚子，而没有出现饥荒。

只要政府认真努力，饥荒并不难预防。而一个民主政府在面对选举、反对党和独立报纸的情况下，只能这样作。印度在独立之前被英国统治的时代，发生过多次饥荒。印度最后一次饥荒是在一九四三年，即独立之前四年，但在印度出现多党制和新闻自由之后，饥荒就消失了。

饥荒问题仅仅是民主可以解决的例子之一。民主的最大作用之一，就是可以防止经济与社会灾难。在正常情况下，人们也许不会怀念民主的这种工具作用。但是如果因为某种原因，经济情况恶化，民主制度所具有的政治平衡机制，就会发挥巨大的实际作用，减少国家陷入灾难的危险性。

在非民主国家，经济情况良好时，人民可能并不想念民主。一旦经济发生衰退，如果其负担没有被广泛分担的话，就会集中在承受力最小的一部分失业者或者 被解雇者身上，经济衰退就会严重破坏民众生活，使数百万人陷于悲惨境地。更糟糕的是，受害者没有地方发出他们的声音。人们在最需要民主的保护功能时，才会 最强烈地怀念它。

4. 所谓民主，就是全民普选，多党轮流执政。

[评论]

这种说法是错误的。我们绝不能把民主等同于多数人统治，更不能将民主简单地等同于普选。

民主的内容很复杂，它的确包括投票和尊重选举结果，但它还包括保护个人自由，尊重独立的司法，保障言论自由，和发表新闻和公正评论时不受政府的检查 等等许多内容。如果不同派别没有获得充分机会表达自己的观点，或者选民没有获得新闻和思考不同观点的自由，那么选举也会变成一场大骗局。民主是一套系统， 而不仅是在孤立情况下所选择的某种机械性的方法（如少数服从多数）。

5. 民主根本没有用。人民不在乎谁当国王，他们只在乎谁能给他们安定幸福的生活。

[评论]

民主的作用可以分为三个方面：

1）首先，政治自由是人类普遍自由的一部分。拥有并且实行公民权利与社会权利，是个人幸福生活的关键组成部分。政治参与与社会参与对于人类的幸福生活具有不可或缺的价值。人民不能参与社会政治生活是一种非常悲惨的处境。

2）其次，正如前面驳斥民主与经济发展相冲突的观点时所指出的，在促使政府倾听人民发出的各种声音方面，民主具有一种重要的工具价值。

3）再次，实行民主可以为公民提供一个相互学习的机会，并有助于整个社会形成价值观和找到需要优先解决的问题。人民要真正行使其政治权利和公民权利，就必 须进行讨论和意见交换。保障人民公开讨论、辩论、批评和坚持异议有关的权利，乃是制订出资讯充分的、深思熟虑的政策这一过程的核心。这种过程对于形成社会 的价值观与发现重要问题也极为重要。一般来说，没有公开的讨论，不进行公开地交换意见和争论，我们就不能发现需要优先处理的社会问题。

6. 穷国和富国的国情不同，在发展中国家，穷人关心的是面包，而不是民主，因此民主不是普遍价值。

[评论]

这种流行说法存在两个方面的错误。

首先，如上所述，民主的保护作用对于穷人特别重要。穷人尤其需要在政治上发出自己声音。民主并不是一种要达到普遍富裕后才需要的奢侈品。

其次，没有证据证明，在可以选择的情况下，穷人会拒绝民主。事实上，倒是有相反的证据表明，穷国的选民对于基本自由与权利的重视程度，超过对于经济困境的 重视。考察印度、南韩、泰国、孟加拉、巴基斯坦、缅甸、印尼等亚洲国家争取民主自由的斗争之后，我们可以得到相同结论。同样，尽管非洲国家普遍否定政治自 由，一旦条件允许，那里就出现反对这种压迫的运动与抗议。

7. 中国的GDP三十年中保持平均10%的高速增长，证明了这样的经济发展路径是适合中国国情的。印度的经济大大落后于中国，这证明了中国走集权道路的必要性。

[评论]

正如前面所说，没有证据表明，经济增长的快慢与民主制度存在关系。中国的经济增长快于印度，很可能是政治制度以外的其他因素在起作用。一个有力的反驳是，你怎么知道，如果中国实行了民主制度，经济增长就会慢下来呢？

此外，比较经济发展的优劣，不能单纯地比较GDP。经济增长的很多社会成本，并没有反映在GDP中。中国的高速经济增长，带来了很多社会问题，以及 极其严重的环境污染，使社会矛盾激化，人民不堪重负。如果将这些隐性成本算进GDP，中国的经济增长将大打折扣。此外，经济发展是一个长期的过程，中印两 国都还处在发展中的阶段，只是目前中国处于领先而已，至于谁先到终点，现在还很难说。

8. 在世界现代史中，找不到发展中国家通过民主化而实现了现代化的例子。民主不能帮助发展中国家发展经济，只能使它们沦为西方大国的附庸。

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发展中国家的经济困境，并不是民主制度的错，而是因为不合理的国际经济秩序。发达国家向发展中国家高价倾销工业品，压低初级产品的价格。使得发展中国家的经济高度单一化，出现了“香蕉国”、“咖啡国”这样单一产业的国家，最终导致该国经济高度依附于发达国家。

发展中国家要发展经济，不是要废除民主，而是要争取改革不合理的国际经济秩序。

9. 必须始终把发展经济摆在最重要的地位，先经济后民主。

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这个观点不仅错误，而且非常邪恶。

首先，民主制度和经济发展并不是对立的，不存在民主制度抑制经济发展的情况，有人故意将两者对立起来。

其次，民生和民权重于经济增长。民怨沸腾、只有少数人得利的经济增长有何意义？

最后，难道经济增长就是一切吗？社会的公平和正义，与经济增长相比，孰轻孰重？Is money everything?

10. 总结

民主制度是一种政治制度，说到底，同经济发展是没有关系的。有民主，经济会发展；没有民主，经济也会发展。

民主制度真正保证的是社会公平，使社会各个阶层的声音都能发出来，使政治决策必须均衡所有人的利益。因为民主制度是一人一票，通常来说，社会最底层的穷人人数最多，所以民主制度尤其对穷人有利。可以这样说，有民主，就有社会公平；没有民主，就没有社会公平。

现在，有一些人和利益集团，为了阻扰民主的实现，编造各种借口，蛊惑人心，向民主制度泼脏水，似乎一搞民主，就会天下大乱，民不聊生。但是，事实 是，他们这样说，只是为了自身的利益。只要民主不实现，他们的特权利益就能够得以保存，他们就能够继续操纵制度，为自己谋利。真正付出代价的是整个国家和 民族，要实现社会的公平和正义，保证民生和民权，就只有通过民主制度，再无他途。

（完）

http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/2008/07/democracy_as_a_universal_value.html

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