Archive for July, 2008

笔记:民主是一种普遍价值观

原文的题目是“Democracy as a Universal Value”,译成中文为“民主是一种普遍价值观”,我觉得语气变弱了。什么叫“Universal Value”?value指的是有用的东西,universal是一个形容词,意思是“整个宇宙中都通用的”,连在一起就是说,民主制度是宇宙中到处适用的。

说实话,这种话不像科学论文的命题,更像革命口号。但是,阿玛蒂亚·森教授雄辩地赋予了它科学的内涵,令人信服地说明了,民主制度确实优于人类历史 上的其他政治制度。他对抗拒民主的几种主要借口,进行了有力的驳斥,指出它们的荒谬之处。最终得出结论:民主是普遍适用的,不存在地域性,可以拿来即用。

全文娓娓道来,一气呵成,语气温和却又不乏坚定,读来令人备受启迪,不亏为大师手笔。三年前,我第一次读到这篇文章,顿时感到醍醐灌顶,许多困扰已 久的问题都得到了解答,从此坚定地相信,中国的出路只有一条,那就是民主化,只有这条路才能解决中国复杂的社会危机和社会矛盾,其他路都是死路。

现在,我把这篇文章的笔记整理出来,希望更多的朋友能够看清这一点。笔记采用点评的形式,一共分为10段,每一段的开头都是一个常见的观点,然后是对这个观点的评论,其中不完全是教授的原话,有不少是我个人的理解。

这个blog上,经常有人批评我的政治观点。下面的内容,也是我对这些批评的一个总的答复。

=====================

1. 民主制度不适合发展中国家的国情,盲目照搬西方的政治制度,只会使国家一盘散沙、全面内乱。

[评论]

上面的说法完全不符合事实,现实中,民主制度在穷国也能很好地运作。

以印度为例。1947年,印度独立的时候,英国人非常怀疑印度人管理国家的能力。当时的印度非常贫穷,而且非常混乱,新政府缺乏经验,国家处于分裂 状态,政治前景不明朗,种族暴力和社会动乱普遍存在。加之,印度是一个多语言、多民族、多宗教的国家,社会阶层众多,历史上又存在种姓制度,不同民族和不 同宗教之间经常发生暴力冲突,所以就连印度人自己对国家的前途都没有信心。

但是,印度政府坚持走民主道路,以和平手段解决困难问题,政治分歧主要通过法律来解决,按照选举和国会规则来组织政府。结果,印度这个贫穷动荡的大国,作为一个民主的政治单位而生存下来,并运作得相当好。如果不是民主制度,这个国家是无法结为一体的。

因此,如果民主制度在1947年的印度行得通,它也一定能在其他任何国家行得通。

形成鲜明对照的是,在二战后同一时期成立的南斯拉夫,也是一个多民族多宗教的国家,但是它没有选择民主道路,而是按照苏联的专制模式,成为了一个专 制主义国家。结果在上个世纪90年代,南斯拉夫爆发了长达三年的内战,塞族、克族和穆斯林三股人马互相残杀,如今已经分裂为了6个国家。(苏联的解体也是 一个同样的例子。)

2. 专制主义制度比民主制度更有利于集中精力办大事,更有利于经济的发展。

[评论]

这种观点最着名的支持者就是李光耀。类似的说法还有:民主制度并不是一国取得高速经济增长的先决条件。要取得长期经济繁荣,国家就必须保持稳定,政府也必须能有效地推动有利于经济增长的政策。它的核心含义就是,专制制度比民主制度更有利于经济高速发展。

确实,南朝鲜、新加坡和中国等威权国家的经济发展速度,高于印度、牙买加、哥斯达黎加等非威权的国家。但是,这只是一些零星证据和有限样本,不是普 遍性的统计研究。我们不能把新加坡或中国的高速经济增长,作为威权国家更能促进经济发展的“确凿证据”。同样,我们也不能根据非洲的民主绿洲博茨瓦纳,在 数十年内其经济增长率居非洲第一、在全世界也名列前茅,而得出“民主有利于经济发展”的相反结论。我们需要进行更多的系统性经验研究,才能得出结论。

事实上,没有可信的普遍性证据可以证明,威权统治和压迫政治权利与公民权利确实有助于经济发展。相反的,大量的统计资料不支持政治权利与经济发展相 冲突的观点。有一些统计学研究提出,两者存在一种微弱的负向相关关系,另外一些研究却提出存在强烈的正向相关关系。综合考虑所有的比较研究之后可以看出, 经济增长与民主之间很可能不存在任何方向的明确关系。虽然民主与政治自由本身极为重要,但它们与经济增长的关系问题并没有获得解决。

导致东亚国家经济成功的经济政策,学术界已有广泛的共识,这些政策包括开放竞争,利用国际市场,鼓励投资和出口的公共政策,高水平的文化教育,成功的土地 改革,以及扩大参与经济发展过程的其他社会机会等等。没有理由假设,这些政策与民主相冲突,因而必须用南韩、新加坡和中国的威权主义手段来强力压制民主。 相反,压倒性的证据证明,快速发展经济需要一种友好的经济环境,而不是一种严厉的政治制度。

3. 为什么社会主义国家比资本主义国家更加多灾多难?

[评论]

最典型的例子就是饥荒。在人类历史上,凡是具有新闻自由、且政治相对独立的任何民主国家,从未发生过真正的饥荒。对于这个规律,我们无论在任何地方都找不出例外。

相反的,大饥荒都发生在非民主国家:无论是在最近发生饥荒的埃塞俄比亚、索马里等独裁国家,还是三十年代发生饥荒的苏联,或者一九五八至一九六一年大跃进失败后发生大饥荒的中国,或者在外国人统治时期发生饥荒的爱尔兰和印度。

尽管在许多方面中国的经济发展比印度好得多,但中国仍然发生过饥荒,而且确实是全世界有史以来最严重的饥荒。中国一九五八至一九六一年的饥荒饿死近 三千万人,而在整整三年内,中国政府的错误政策一直得不到纠正,其原因就在于中国没有议会中的反对党,没有新闻出版自由,没有多党制选举。由于没有人敢批 评中国政府,即使每年饿死数百万人,其错误政策依然能够持续下去。现在北韩和苏丹的饥荒也属于类似情况。

饥荒似乎往往与自然灾害有关系。评论家经常简单地用自然灾害来解释发生饥荒的原因,如中国在大跃进期间发生水灾,埃塞俄比亚发生乾旱,或者北韩因天 灾而农作物歉收。然而,其他许多民主国家也发生过类似的甚至更严重的自然灾害,但由于政府采取负责的干预措施,减轻了民众的饥饿,妥善地解决了饥荒问题。 由于饥荒的主要受害者是穷人,政府可以通过雇佣计划等政策来提高穷人的收入,使饥荒受害者得到食物,从而防止民众的死亡。甚至在一些发生严重旱灾、水灾等 天灾的最贫穷民主国家,如一九七三年的印度,八十年代初期的津巴布韦或博茨瓦纳,民众也能够吃饱肚子,而没有出现饥荒。

只要政府认真努力,饥荒并不难预防。而一个民主政府在面对选举、反对党和独立报纸的情况下,只能这样作。印度在独立之前被英国统治的时代,发生过多次饥荒。印度最后一次饥荒是在一九四三年,即独立之前四年,但在印度出现多党制和新闻自由之后,饥荒就消失了。

饥荒问题仅仅是民主可以解决的例子之一。民主的最大作用之一,就是可以防止经济与社会灾难。在正常情况下,人们也许不会怀念民主的这种工具作用。但是如果因为某种原因,经济情况恶化,民主制度所具有的政治平衡机制,就会发挥巨大的实际作用,减少国家陷入灾难的危险性。

在非民主国家,经济情况良好时,人民可能并不想念民主。一旦经济发生衰退,如果其负担没有被广泛分担的话,就会集中在承受力最小的一部分失业者或者 被解雇者身上,经济衰退就会严重破坏民众生活,使数百万人陷于悲惨境地。更糟糕的是,受害者没有地方发出他们的声音。人们在最需要民主的保护功能时,才会 最强烈地怀念它。

4. 所谓民主,就是全民普选,多党轮流执政。

[评论]

这种说法是错误的。我们绝不能把民主等同于多数人统治,更不能将民主简单地等同于普选。

民主的内容很复杂,它的确包括投票和尊重选举结果,但它还包括保护个人自由,尊重独立的司法,保障言论自由,和发表新闻和公正评论时不受政府的检查 等等许多内容。如果不同派别没有获得充分机会表达自己的观点,或者选民没有获得新闻和思考不同观点的自由,那么选举也会变成一场大骗局。民主是一套系统, 而不仅是在孤立情况下所选择的某种机械性的方法(如少数服从多数)。

5. 民主根本没有用。人民不在乎谁当国王,他们只在乎谁能给他们安定幸福的生活。

[评论]

民主的作用可以分为三个方面:

1)首先,政治自由是人类普遍自由的一部分。拥有并且实行公民权利与社会权利,是个人幸福生活的关键组成部分。政治参与与社会参与对于人类的幸福生活具有不可或缺的价值。人民不能参与社会政治生活是一种非常悲惨的处境。

2)其次,正如前面驳斥民主与经济发展相冲突的观点时所指出的,在促使政府倾听人民发出的各种声音方面,民主具有一种重要的工具价值。

3)再次,实行民主可以为公民提供一个相互学习的机会,并有助于整个社会形成价值观和找到需要优先解决的问题。人民要真正行使其政治权利和公民权利,就必 须进行讨论和意见交换。保障人民公开讨论、辩论、批评和坚持异议有关的权利,乃是制订出资讯充分的、深思熟虑的政策这一过程的核心。这种过程对于形成社会 的价值观与发现重要问题也极为重要。一般来说,没有公开的讨论,不进行公开地交换意见和争论,我们就不能发现需要优先处理的社会问题。

6. 穷国和富国的国情不同,在发展中国家,穷人关心的是面包,而不是民主,因此民主不是普遍价值。

[评论]

这种流行说法存在两个方面的错误。

首先,如上所述,民主的保护作用对于穷人特别重要。穷人尤其需要在政治上发出自己声音。民主并不是一种要达到普遍富裕后才需要的奢侈品。

其次,没有证据证明,在可以选择的情况下,穷人会拒绝民主。事实上,倒是有相反的证据表明,穷国的选民对于基本自由与权利的重视程度,超过对于经济困境的 重视。考察印度、南韩、泰国、孟加拉、巴基斯坦、缅甸、印尼等亚洲国家争取民主自由的斗争之后,我们可以得到相同结论。同样,尽管非洲国家普遍否定政治自 由,一旦条件允许,那里就出现反对这种压迫的运动与抗议。

7. 中国的GDP三十年中保持平均10%的高速增长,证明了这样的经济发展路径是适合中国国情的。印度的经济大大落后于中国,这证明了中国走集权道路的必要性。

[评论]

正如前面所说,没有证据表明,经济增长的快慢与民主制度存在关系。中国的经济增长快于印度,很可能是政治制度以外的其他因素在起作用。一个有力的反驳是,你怎么知道,如果中国实行了民主制度,经济增长就会慢下来呢?

此外,比较经济发展的优劣,不能单纯地比较GDP。经济增长的很多社会成本,并没有反映在GDP中。中国的高速经济增长,带来了很多社会问题,以及 极其严重的环境污染,使社会矛盾激化,人民不堪重负。如果将这些隐性成本算进GDP,中国的经济增长将大打折扣。此外,经济发展是一个长期的过程,中印两 国都还处在发展中的阶段,只是目前中国处于领先而已,至于谁先到终点,现在还很难说。

8. 在世界现代史中,找不到发展中国家通过民主化而实现了现代化的例子。民主不能帮助发展中国家发展经济,只能使它们沦为西方大国的附庸。

[评论]

发展中国家的经济困境,并不是民主制度的错,而是因为不合理的国际经济秩序。发达国家向发展中国家高价倾销工业品,压低初级产品的价格。使得发展中国家的经济高度单一化,出现了“香蕉国”、“咖啡国”这样单一产业的国家,最终导致该国经济高度依附于发达国家。

发展中国家要发展经济,不是要废除民主,而是要争取改革不合理的国际经济秩序。

9. 必须始终把发展经济摆在最重要的地位,先经济后民主。

[评论]

这个观点不仅错误,而且非常邪恶。

首先,民主制度和经济发展并不是对立的,不存在民主制度抑制经济发展的情况,有人故意将两者对立起来。

其次,民生和民权重于经济增长。民怨沸腾、只有少数人得利的经济增长有何意义?

最后,难道经济增长就是一切吗?社会的公平和正义,与经济增长相比,孰轻孰重?Is money everything?

10. 总结

民主制度是一种政治制度,说到底,同经济发展是没有关系的。有民主,经济会发展;没有民主,经济也会发展。

民主制度真正保证的是社会公平,使社会各个阶层的声音都能发出来,使政治决策必须均衡所有人的利益。因为民主制度是一人一票,通常来说,社会最底层的穷人人数最多,所以民主制度尤其对穷人有利。可以这样说,有民主,就有社会公平;没有民主,就没有社会公平。

现在,有一些人和利益集团,为了阻扰民主的实现,编造各种借口,蛊惑人心,向民主制度泼脏水,似乎一搞民主,就会天下大乱,民不聊生。但是,事实 是,他们这样说,只是为了自身的利益。只要民主不实现,他们的特权利益就能够得以保存,他们就能够继续操纵制度,为自己谋利。真正付出代价的是整个国家和 民族,要实现社会的公平和正义,保证民生和民权,就只有通过民主制度,再无他途。

(完)

http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/2008/07/democracy_as_a_universal_value.html

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学习的感悟

这段时间,一直在出差,现在告一段落了,估计能正常更新一段时间。利用休息时间,看了一些书,经过这段时间的思索,对学习又有了一些新的认识。

学习包括的要素非常多,但最主要的就是兴趣、习惯、坚持和结构。前三种大家都应该知道是怎么回事,今天来说说自己对于结构的认识。不管学习任何知识或技能,如果能了解、认识这门学习的结构,学习起来就会事半功能。结构说白就是80/20了。任何一种学问根据你的目标,在知识结构上都有轻重之分,只要把学习的要点放在掌握最主要的20%上,你的学习速度就可以加快很多倍。利用短时间学会别人几个月、几年或几十年的才能学到的东西。

道理很简单,但实际做起来却是很难。学习任何知识都有一个前提,就是必须不能比你目前的知识结构相差太多。举例来说,你非常的聪明是一个天才,但只有5岁,知识结构是小学水平,当你直接学会大学水平的课程就会发现,无法了解。必须把中学/高中的中间过程,补充完整之后才能了解大学水平的知识。

想快速掌握一门知识的结构,有两种方法。请这个行业的专家来教你,如果你有足够的条件和能力,一定要请最好的专家。另一种方法是,在最短的时间内大量阅读相关的书籍、资料,听取专家的建议,整理成自己的心得。有专家的建议,能避免走入误区,节省大量的时间。大量阅读指最少十本以上相同行业的书籍,而且必须在短时间阅读完成,比如几天或半个月内。利用互联网和专家来列出应该阅读的图书,是必不可少的步骤。

想使用第二种方法,需要通过长时间锻炼自己的观察力、阅读、分析能力,不断的增强这方面的能力,才能使用这种方法。

说得有些乱,想到哪时说到哪里,放在这里做个记录。欢迎大家互相探讨。

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特稿:破坏睡眠的九大致命恶习

多维社记者林洛涵报导/当你的生活太过繁忙,你首先放弃的东西是睡眠吗?如果是这样,那麽请你明白:你不仅会影响第二天的工作表现,事实上你也正在伤害自己的健康。剥夺睡眠是一种严重的医疗风险,但是意识到这一点的人并不多。大量研究已经显示,不足的睡眠和肥胖病、心脏病、高血压、与二型糖尿病之间,都有显着的关联。(chinesenewsnet.com)

多维健康频道(chinesenewsnet.com)

想要避免这些后果,只要你愿意闭上眼睛,获取充分的睡眠,情况都能得到改善。下列十件事情最容易在不知不觉中偷取你的睡眠,你应该坚决将这些坏习惯拒绝于卧室之外:(chinesenewsnet.com)

剝奪睡眠是一種嚴重的醫療風險。
(chinesenewsnet.com)

1、卧室裡的科技产品。例如电脑、黑莓机、和电视这些电子装置,最好都让它们远离卧房。因为无论这些东西打开或是关上,都会传送信号影响你的睡眠与身体,如果你希望保留卧室为一个宁静的场所,就应该除去所有的数位设备。(chinesenewsnet.com)

2、工作直到就寝时间。试想若你才刚检查完电子邮件,你有可能躺在床上立刻入睡吗?事实上你该做的就是什麽都不要想,如果有关工作的事不断在你的脑中嗡嗡作响,请先让自己平静下来,再试图上床睡觉。在工作与睡眠中间,安排一个时段作为区隔,可以把你夜间的恶梦转变为美梦。(chinesenewsnet.com)

3、过早上床就寝。晚上八点就上床睡觉,你以为这是很好的补眠办法,其实太早去睡觉反而是弄巧成拙。因为日落不久就躺在床上,会导致昼夜的生理规律变得紊乱,也会影响身体自然的睡醒週期。为了与生理的节奏同步,专家建议,你应该等到感觉睏意的时候在上床睡觉,每天则保持相同的时段起床,能帮助你的身体设置规律的节奏。(chinesenewsnet.com)

多维月刊:西藏镇暴大臣张庆黎(…
深度: 曾打掉刘涌:沈阳打黑英雄涉黑落马…
互动: 多维专访:美国乒乓第一家庭叶瑞玲…
中国: 北京部分失业大学生沦为城市新游民
国际: 美宣布政府建筑悬挂国旗不得为“中…
视频: 焦点访谈–绿色之园
西藏拉萨城市夜景(图)
娱乐: 世纪婚礼:梁朝伟刘嘉玲不丹结婚
体育: 威纳斯三分炮奠胜基 中信10:…
生活: 大陸正流行臺灣“山寨雞”
论坛: 太大胆了!两女子竟然在地铁内..
4、睡前饮酒。如果你有入睡的困难,喝酒绝对不是能帮助你的补救办法。酒精或许让你感觉容易入睡,但它的作用不会持续整夜。相反的,喝酒后立刻睡觉会带给你无比悽惨的早晨,因为你将有大约四小时的浅眠,醒来之后就难以再睡,感觉相当糟糕。你想要拥有良好的睡眠品质,酒精就不该是你上床前的一道仪式。(chinesenewsnet.com)

5、过度亢奋的头脑。当你试图入睡的时候,你的思绪不断萦绕在某个棘手的工作上,或你与同事争执的意见上,原因在于在醒与睡的边缘,人们无法重新思考,也难以掌握自己的想法,因此一些白天的念头就跟着进入睡眠,即使你以为你还是醒着。(chinesenewsnet.com)

当你遭遇烦恼时,不如起身去到屋子的其他地方,但仍就保持室内昏暗。你心中急切执着的想法就会立即停止,此时你再回去床上睡觉。这种策略叫做刺激控制,能防止你将烦恼与床铺联繫在一起。另一个方法是在睡前稍早先解决心中的问题,不妨写下你的烦恼与可能的解答,几小时后就能安稳入睡。(chinesenewsnet.com)

6、观看时钟。一直看着时钟,想着过了多久却还没能睡着,这并不能帮你更快的入睡,反而会让你更加担心忧虑。专家建议,此时不妨起身做些帮助镇定的活动,譬如填写数字游戏或读几页书,再带着睡意回到床上。(chinesenewsnet.com)

7、睡得太多。如果你睡眠时间超过你获得最佳睡眠的需要,你的睡眠将会变得很浅很不安稳。如果你多睡好几小时,到了早上你将再次进入另一个深眠中,这将弄乱你的生理节奏,并且在醒来的时候感到分外难受。如果这是您的问题,请立刻调整正常的睡眠作息。(chinesenewsnet.com)

8、漆黑的早晨。你早晨的习惯可能也对睡眠有着重大的影响。你需要告诉你的身体,什麽时候该准备迎接美好的一天,最佳的方法就是让身体暴露在一些明亮的光线中。睡眠专家推荐,早上应该让阳光进入房间,它将告诉你的身体时间到了,也能帮你减少睡意。(chinesenewsnet.com)

9、週末补眠。假如你比平日更晚起床,生理时钟将会有所反应。你在週末睡得越久,你週一要付出的代价也就更大。宁可在相同的时间起床,假如你真正欠缺睡眠,到了下午可以让自己奢侈地打个瞌睡,或是早一点点上床睡觉。

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Why Is It So Hard to Be Yourself?

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“He who trims himself to suit everyone will soon whittle himself away.” ~ Raymond Hull
‘Be yourself!’ This is a common piece of advice, often given before an interview or a date or some other occasion when we need to impress. Sounds like a strange piece of advice, though. How could you not be yourself?
Strange at is seems, we have been conditioned all our lives to behave according to other people’s expectations, to dance to their tune, to let them pull our stings. The truth is that most of us – unless we have really thought about it and made an effort to change – are puppets, controlled by the world around us. We crave approval. We need to fit in. In many ways, this is just a characteristic of being human – we are social animals and need to fit into the group to survive. But this natural and healthy tendency has taken over our lives to such an extent that we are often paralyzed by a fear of the outside world and obsessed by how others see us.
But what would things look life if you could really ‘be yourself’?
Don’t give away your power
“The King is angry. See, he gnaws his lip.” ~ Shakespeare, Richard III
It is impossible to really be yourself when you are worried about how other people perceive you. We all care (at least a little bit) what other people think – we have been raised to believe that the approval of others is important. And in some ways it is – other people do have power over us. But the truth is that it doesn’t matter as much as you think; usually it doesn’t matter at all. Sometimes you’ll be flavor of the month; other times you might be public enemy number one. But you cannot control what other people think of you, so why even try?
Let them think what they will. To give the opinions and thoughts of others so much importance is to make your own life a misery. When you stop giving your power away to other people like this, your life will be so much lighter and easier. To genuinely not care what others think is an amazing and enlightening experience. Try it.
Live with integrity
“The great majority of us are required to live a life of constant duplicity. Your health is bound to be affected if, day after day, you say the opposite of what you feel, if you grovel before what you dislike, and rejoice at what brings you nothing but misfortune.” ~ Boris Pasternak
Living with integrity means being an open, honest person. It means saying what you think – not in an arrogant, conceited way, which is usually a sign of an inferiority complex – but because you shouldn’t hide what you believe. If you are not true to yourself – if you are dishonest, if you hide part of yourself, either as a defense mechanism or to get a promotion or make money, you will create what I have heard called an ‘inner darkness,’ and this will haunt you.
In The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People, one of the most widely read and influential self-improvement books of all time, Steven Covey writes that truly successful people operate from a principle-centered paradigm, steering their lives by means of a clear compass of integrity. You might be able to succeed in some senses by being dishonest and duplicitous, but in the end you will be unable to face yourself, and if you cannot look in the mirror with a clear conscience, how can you be yourself?
Don’t take yourself so seriously
“When you can laugh at yourself, you are free.” ~ Ted Loder
Will the world stop turning if you screw up? Believe it or not, the world got along fine without you for millions of years, and will do so long after you’re gone. So keep things in perspective. Will any of this matter in a year, ten year, 100 years? In many ways, the world is a ridiculous place, full of crazy things that make no sense at all. You can’t make sense of it all however hard you try. It is what it is, and so are you, with all your contradictions and faults and failings. Remember the old saying: ‘laugh and the world laughs with you.’ So relax, lighten up; don’t get things out of proportion.
Don’t worry: accept things as they are
“The secret of health for both mind and body is not to mourn for the past, worry about the future, or anticipate troubles, but to live in the present moment wisely and earnestly.” ~ Buddha
We have a tendency to think we are in control. But the truth is that there are surprisingly few things we can influence directly. I read somewhere recently that life is no about avoiding the storm but about learning to dance in the rain, and I think this is a wonderful truth. We spend so much time trying to change our world, but in reality we can only change ourselves. If the rain is coming, it will come; if the sun is setting, it will set. Accept these many, many things which are outside our control and, whatever comes along, learn not only to live with it, but to embrace it, to love it – to live any other way is madness.
Do what you love
“The future belongs to those who believe in the beauty of their dreams.” ~ Eleanor Roosevelt
Finally, and perhaps most importantly, don’t let other people tell you what to do and how to live. In the end, you are responsible for your experience of life, and if you don’t follow your dreams, you only have yourself to blame. ‘You’re a long time dead’ as the saying goes, so don’t waste time with worry or regret . Don’t be a puppet – don’t let the world around you pull your strings. You cannot control it, so don’t let it control you either. If you are true to yourself and live with integrity, honesty and without fear, then you will, perhaps, begin to see the answer to that most perplexing of questions: “Who am I?”

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How NOT to Set Priority for Tasks

y Donald Latumahina, July 7, 2008
Can you imagine being productive without setting priorities for your tasks? It may seem counterintuitive, but it’s a characteristic of Getting Things Done (GTD). The lack of priority in GTD makes it different from many time management practices that use things like ABC method to set priorities for tasks.
As I wrote in my review of Ready for Anything, David Allen handles this problem by introducing a simple distinction: projects and someday/maybe. Either something needs to be done as soon as possible (which makes it a project) or not (which makes it a someday/maybe).
After knowing this, I then asked myself: Don’t we need to distinguish different projects to know which ones are more important? Don’t we still need to set priority?
Around the time when I was thinking about it, I watched Randy Pausch’s lecture on Time Management. There he featured Covey’s quadrant that classifies tasks into four quadrants:
* Quadrant 1: Important and Urgent
For example, finishing a report that due tomorrow.
* Quadrant 2: Important but Not Urgent
For example, building relationships.
* Quadrant 3: Not Important but Urgent
For example, unimportant phone calls.
* Quadrant 4: Not Important and Not Urgent
For example, playing games excessively.
Then, connecting this quadrant concept to GTD’s lack of priority, I saw a place where we don’t need to set priority:
We don’t need to set priority when we are in quadrant 2
The reason is simple:
For tasks that are considered important, priority setting are only necessary when some tasks are urgent.
When you need to finish something tomorrow, you have no choice but to work on it first. You must give it high priority. The situation is different when you have plenty of time to do your tasks. You have the freedom to choose what you want to do at any moment. You don’t need priority setting because – though the tasks are important – none of them is urgent.
So I would say that:
GTD’s natural place is quadrant 2
Of course, GTD can help you manage crisis (quadrant 1), but quadrant 2 is its natural place. Quadrant 2 is where you can have “mind like water”.
If you want to reach this position where you no longer need to set priority, here are some things you should do:
1. Eliminate unimportant tasks
This should be the first thing you do. You can’t afford to have your time spent on unimportant tasks in quadrant 3 and 4. So look at each item in your next action or project list, and ask yourself: Do I need to do this as soon as possible? Think before you answer. Be selective. Being selective is essential because you may leave some unimportant tasks otherwise.
If the answer is yes then you can leave the task in your project or next action list.
If the answer is no, then the next question is: Can I eliminate this? If you say yes then just eliminate it. Otherwise, put the task in your someday/maybe list.
Though it would be difficult to eliminate all tasks in quadrant 3 (sometimes you just can’t prevent unimportant phone calls), do your best to eliminate as many of them as possible.
2. Get the urgent things done
The time you save in step 1 can then be used to get tasks in quadrant 1 done. The key here is not to procrastinate (see Review: The Now Habit and 7 Can’t-Miss Ways to Defeat the Procrastination Habit for tips). The sooner you work on quadrant 1 tasks, the sooner you will finish them. Your goal is to clear quadrant 1 as soon as possible.
3. Finish tasks before they become urgent
Now that you have cleared quadrant 1, you can focus your effort on quadrant 2. Look at tasks that can potentially be urgent in the future and work on them. Try to finish them before they become urgent. This way you can keep your quadrant 1 clear.
4. Keep pushing back
You can take the previous point further by keep pushing back. Start with the tasks that will due first and get them done. Then push back and work on the task that will due next. This way you clear your tasks further to the future and you will have enough “cushion” for unexpected things. When unexpected things come, you can handle them without compromising your performance. It will also give you the freedom and flexibility to quickly seize on unexpected opportunities as they arise.
5. Allocate time for tasks that never become urgent
There are some tasks that will never become urgent though they are important. As I wrote above, building relationships is an example. For this kind of tasks, you should allocate time to do them. Make a commitment to do it as soon as possible and put it in your project or next action list.
***
When you do all these, you no longer need to set priority. You have the freedom to do what you want. You do something not because you have to but because you choose to.

http://www.lifeoptimizer.org/2008/07/07/how-not-to-set-priority-for-tasks/

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Listen: This Habit Will Dramatically Improve Your Conversations

Your non-stop talking makes you seem like a jerk. I’ve never met you before, so if you are perfect at listening in a conversation, I apologize. That message wasn’t intended for you. But a lot of people do have a problem with listening. They fill conversations with the sound of their voice. I know, because I’m one of them. The listening habit has been something I’ve been trying to build with myself. There are plenty of selfish (and non-selfish) reasons why becoming a better listener is useful. I’m sure you don’t want to miss out, just because neither of us run out of things to say.
Some Selfish Reasons to Listen More
It’s easy to think of the selfless reasons to listen. People want you to listen to them. By listening, you can help someone with a problem, or help them come up with new ideas. But listening also has selfish benefits that make it worth the investment.
The biggest selfish benefit is that you learn more with your mouth closed. You’ll learn more about other people, and often, about yourself, if you stop talking. Those ideas are useful if you want to improve yourself. Going without feedback is improving in a vacuum, it’s almost impossible to do.
Listening also helps you think. When you’re truly listening, not just waiting for your turn to speak, you can chew over your ideas more. You can mull on points of the conversation longer. In the end, you’ll appear a lot wiser if you explain a fully-digested point of view, than if you just blurt out the first response that comes to mind.
Building the listening habit also makes better friends than trying to be an impressive conversationalist. People like the guy who listens more than the guy with the best jokes or funniest anecdotes. Be interested, rather than interesting.
How to Build the Listening Habit
The amount you talk is a function of your conversation style. Some people won’t have trouble holding back comments and can easily listen in a conversation. If you’re like me, you’re instinct is to treat conversations like a battleground, loading ammunition and firing ideas to match the wits of whoever you’re competing against. Unfortunately, unless you meet up with a person of the same style, the other person may have to surrender to your barrage of comments.
Building the listening habit doesn’t come easily to everyone. But, even if you never run out of things to say, you can improve. I’ve used a few strategies to become a better listener that you may find useful.
Bait Them
If the person you’re talking with doesn’t feel too chatty, bait them with a comment. Throw something at them which will make it easy for them to talk. The most common route for this is to ask them questions about themselves. “Me” tends to be the most popular subject, so getting a person to talk about themselves is an easy target for conversations.
Going the “me” route isn’t always the best strategy. If the conversation steers away from things you both have in common, you may have a hard time listening. It’s hard to have a twenty minute conversation with a sailing enthusiast if you’ve never been on a boat before.
In those cases, I suggest picking conversation points which are easy to relate to. This will be different in each person, but sports, travel or work can all be common threads.
Master the Short Anecdote
I remember being taught that listening was making comments like, “I see,” and “Uh-huh,” while nodding my head. This is one of the worst ways to carry on a conversation. Listening shouldn’t force the other person to do a monologue.
A better strategy to listen is to master the short anecdote. This is a 2-3 sentence comment on something that the other person has said. If they are telling a long explanation of their work as an accountant, you could comment on someone you know that does accounting or something you know about accounting.
Short anecdotes are better than blanket signs of listening (“I see…”) for a few reasons:
1. They break up the conversation. You give the person long enough to think of new ideas, without hijacking the conversation thread.
2. They show you are genuinely listening. You can make blanket statements without actually hearing anything. Short anecdotes show you are actively listening to the other person.
3. They give the other person a chance to conclude or switch topics. Instead of letting a conversation die off, small comments offer the opportunity for that person to switch topics without an awkward pause.
Watch the Conversation Balance
If you’re having a longer conversation, pay attention to how long you talk. If you notice you’re starting to dominate the conversation, step back and bait the other person. This way you can sit back and listen.
All of these tactics might seem a bit too detailed for regular conversations. Shouldn’t you just be natural, and not worry about the exact percentages of who says what? In that, I’d have to agree with you. Conversations should be natural, so worrying about the details of who is talking or explicitly trying to bait someone is stupid.
However, listening is important. You might not even realize that you’re ignoring the other person or dominating the conversation. Listening helps you learn, think and make connections. People who accidentally trample the conversation may be missing out on opportunities they would have, if they just learned to listen.

http://www.pickthebrain.com/blog/listen-this-habit-will-dramatically-improve-your-conversations/

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7 Common Misconceptions About Language Learning

There are over 6,000 languages in the world. Some are more important than others, not better or more advanced, just more important. Why? Because they are spoken by more people, in more countries. That does not mean that Finnish is not important to the Finns, and Maori is not important to the Maoris. It is just that these languages are not so important to the rest of us.
On the other hand, Mandarin Chinese is spoken by over one billion people. Chinese origin words account for 60% of Japanese, Korean and Vietnamese vocabulary. Knowing Chinese will help you learn these languages too. It helped me. Chinese culture has influenced the world for thousands of years with its art, philosophy, technology, food, medicine and performing arts. Today China’s economy is booming. Chinese seems well worth learning.
Spanish, French, Italian and Portuguese are essentially dialects of the same language. If you learn one, you can learn the others. I did. If you learn Spanish, you open the door to the culture, music, history and possible business dealings with 800 million people in 60 countries, including the US and Canada.
If you get ambitious you could try Russian, as I have been doing for the last two years. Once you have Russian you can probably communicate with other Slav speakers.
But hold it here! Before getting carried away, let’s look at the present situation of language teaching. According to one Canadian survey, after 12 years of daily French classes, only one high school graduate out of 147 (0.68%) achieved “intermediate” proficiency. Another survey of immigrants learning English in the US showed that “classroom instructional hours” had little impact on progress.
If we cannot teach our own official languages in North America, what hope is there for other languages like Chinese or Spanish, let alone Russian, Arabic or Hindi?
As a speaker of 10 languages I know the benefits of speaking more than one language. We simply have to change the way we go about teaching languages. To start with we need to dispel seven common misconceptions about language learning.

1. Language learning is difficult
It is only difficult to learn a language if you don’t want to. Learning a language takes time, but is not difficult. You mostly need to listen and read. Believe me, it is that simple. I have done it many times. Soon you feel the satisfaction of understanding another language. Before you know it you start speaking. It is the way languages are usually taught that makes language learning hard to like.

2. You have to have a gift for learning languages
No you don’t. Anyone who wants to, can learn. In Sweden and Holland most people speak more than one language. They can’t just all be gifted at languages. Foreign athletes in North America usually learn to speak English faster than people in more formal learning environments. In language learning it is attitude, not aptitude, that determines success.

3. You have to live where the language is spoken
Some immigrants to North America never learn to speak more than halting English. Yet we meet people in other countries who speak flawless English. In 1968, I learned to speak Mandarin fluently while living in Hong Kong, where few people spoke it. With the Internet, language content is available to anyone with a computer, and you can download it to your iPod and listen. Where you live is not an obstacle.

4. Only children can learn to speak another language well
Recent brain research has demonstrated that our brains remain plastic well into old age. Adults who lose their eyesight have to learn a new language, braille, for example. Adults have a wide vocabulary in their own language and are better language learners than children. I have learned 4 languages since the age of 55. Adults only need the child’s willingness to experiment and desire to communicate, without the fear of ridicule.

5. To learn a language you need formal classroom instruction
This is the crux of the problem. Classrooms may be economical to run and a great place to meet others. They have the weight of history and tradition behind them. Unfortunately, a classroom is an inefficient place to learn a language. The more students in the class, the more inefficient it is. Languages cannot be taught, they can only be learned. Theoretical grammatical explanations are hard to understand, hard to remember, and even harder to use. Drills and exercises are annoying to most people. A majority of school kids graduate unable to communicate in languages that they study for 10 or more years.
6. You need to speak in order to learn (and I have nobody to speak to)

Speaking the language is usually the goal of language learning, but speaking can wait. Once you have acquired the language, you will find the opportunity to speak. When you are learning the language it is more important to listen. Trying to just pick up a few “handy” phrases to say is likely to just get you into trouble. If you meet a native speaker, you will inevitably spend most of your time listening unless you already know the language. You do not need to speak in order to learn, you need to learn in order to speak.
7. I would love to learn but I don’t have the time

How about the time you spend waiting in line, commuting, doing things around the house, going for a walk? Why not use that time to listen to a language on your iPod? Once you get started, even 10 or 15 minutes a day will soon grow to 30 minutes a day, or one hour. If you believe you will achieve significant results, and if you enjoy doing it, as I do, you will find the time.

http://www.pickthebrain.com/blog/7-common-misconceptions-about-language-learning/

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